Part of Speech: Adjective and Degrees of Comparison
Adjectives, their types, order, degrees of comparison, special structures and common errors explained with English examples and Bengali support.
Published by: TET Sampan Editorial Team Reviewed by: English Content Review Team
Adjective and Degrees of Comparison (বিশেষণ ও তুলনার মাত্রা)
Adjective কী?
Definition: An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun.
বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা: যে শব্দ কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-এর গুণ, অবস্থা, সংখ্যা, পরিমাণ বা অন্য কোনো বৈশিষ্ট্য প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adjective (বিশেষণ) বলে।
উদাহরণ:
- Rina is an intelligent student.
- The sky is blue.
- I have three books.
- There is little water in the bottle.
- These mangoes are sweet.
এখানে intelligent, blue, three, little এবং these সংশ্লিষ্ট Noun-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য বা সীমা নির্দেশ করছে।
Adjective কীভাবে চিনবেন
Adjective সাধারণত নিচের প্রশ্নগুলির উত্তর দেয়:
- What kind? — a brave soldier
- Which one? — that house
- How many? — five students
- How much? — some rice
- Whose? — Rina's bag
একটি শব্দের পরিচয় শুধু তার চেহারা দেখে নয়, বাক্যে তার কাজ দেখে নির্ধারণ করতে হয়:
- This is a fast train. — fast Adjective
- The train runs fast. — fast Adverb
- We have a daily class. — daily Adjective
- The newspaper is published daily. — daily Adverb
বাক্যে Adjective-এর অবস্থান
Attributive use
Noun-এর আগে Adjective বসলে তাকে attributive use বলে:
- She wore a red dress.
- It was a difficult question.
Predicative use
Linking verb-এর পরে Subject-এর অবস্থা বা গুণ প্রকাশ করলে predicative use হয়:
- The dress is red.
- The question seems difficult.
- The children became restless.
Common linking verbs: be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, taste, sound, remain, grow.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ: Linking verb-এর পরে Subject-কে বর্ণনা করলে Adjective ব্যবহৃত হয়, Adverb নয়:
- Correct: The flower smells sweet.
- Incorrect: The flower smells sweetly.
Adjective-এর প্রধান প্রকারভেদ
1. Adjective of Quality
কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর গুণ, দোষ, রং, আকার বা অবস্থা বোঝায়।
Examples: honest, beautiful, tall, red, round, difficult, old.
- He is an honest man.
- We saw a large building.
2. Adjective of Quantity
Uncountable Noun-এর পরিমাণ বোঝায়।
Examples: some, much, little, enough, sufficient, whole.
- We have enough food.
- There is little hope.
3. Adjective of Number
Countable Noun-এর সংখ্যা বা ক্রম বোঝায়।
- Cardinal: one, two, three
- Ordinal: first, second, third
- Indefinite: many, few, several, all
- Distributive: each, every, either, neither
Examples:
- Five candidates were selected.
- She won the first prize.
- Each student received a card.
4. Demonstrative Adjective
নির্দিষ্ট Noun-কে নির্দেশ করে: this, that, these, those, such, same.
- This book is useful.
- Those children are playing.
Compare:
- This book is new. — Demonstrative Adjective
- This is new. — Demonstrative Pronoun
5. Possessive Adjective
মালিকানা প্রকাশ করে এবং Noun-এর আগে বসে: my, our, your, his, her, its, their.
- This is my notebook.
- Their school is nearby.
Possessive Adjective-এর পরে Noun থাকে; Possessive Pronoun একাই বসে:
- This is my book.
- This book is mine.
6. Interrogative Adjective
প্রশ্ন করতে Noun-এর আগে ব্যবহৃত হয়: what, which, whose.
- Which book do you want?
- Whose pen is this?
7. Distributive Adjective
একটি দলের সদস্যদের আলাদা আলাদাভাবে বোঝায়: each, every, either, neither.
- Each child received a prize.
- Neither answer is correct.
8. Proper Adjective
Proper Noun থেকে তৈরি Adjective:
- India → Indian culture
- Bengal → Bengali literature
- Shakespeare → Shakespearean drama
Proper Adjective capital letter দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
9. Emphasising and Exclamatory Adjective
own, very কখনও জোর বোঝায়:
- I saw it with my own eyes.
- This is the very book I wanted.
Exclamation-এ what Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে:
- What a beautiful flower!
Participial Adjectives: -ing ও -ed
Present participle এবং past participle অনেক সময় Adjective হিসেবে কাজ করে:
- an interesting story
- an interested reader
- a boring lecture
- bored students
সাধারণ নিয়ম:
- -ing adjective যে ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু অনুভূতি সৃষ্টি করে তাকে বোঝায়।
- -ed adjective যে ব্যক্তি সেই অনুভূতি লাভ করে তাকে বোঝায়।
- The lesson was confusing.
- The learners were confused.
Order of Adjectives
একাধিক Adjective একই Noun-এর আগে বসলে সাধারণত এই ক্রম অনুসরণ করে:
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Purpose → Noun
Example:
- a beautiful small old round brown Indian wooden table
- a lovely little red silk dress
সব ধরনের Adjective একসঙ্গে ব্যবহার করা স্বাভাবিক নয়; তবে প্রশ্নে সঠিক order নির্ধারণের জন্য এই ক্রমটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Degrees of Comparison
Adjective-এর মাধ্যমে তুলনা করার তিনটি মাত্রা রয়েছে।
Positive Degree
সাধারণ গুণ বা সমতা প্রকাশ করে:
- Rina is tall.
- Rina is as tall as Mina.
Comparative Degree
দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা করে। সাধারণত than ব্যবহৃত হয়:
- Rina is taller than Mina.
- This book is more useful than that one.
Superlative Degree
তিন বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে সর্বোচ্চ মাত্রা বোঝায়। সাধারণত the ব্যবহৃত হয়:
- Rina is the tallest girl in the class.
- This is the most useful book in the library.
Comparative ও Superlative গঠনের নিয়ম
এক syllable-এর Adjective
সাধারণত -er, -est যোগ হয়:
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| tall | taller | tallest |
| small | smaller | smallest |
| old | older | oldest |
শেষে e থাকলে
শুধু -r, -st যোগ হয়:
large → larger → largest
wise → wiser → wisest
Consonant + vowel + consonant
শেষ consonant দ্বিগুণ হয়:
big → bigger → biggest
hot → hotter → hottest
Consonant + y
y → i, তারপর -er/-est:
happy → happier → happiest
easy → easier → easiest
দীর্ঘ Adjective
সাধারণত more, most ব্যবহৃত হয়:
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
difficult → more difficult → most difficult
Irregular Comparison
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good/well | better | best |
| bad/ill | worse | worst |
| much/many | more | most |
| little | less | least |
| few | fewer | fewest |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
| old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
Elder/eldest প্রধানত একই পরিবারের সদস্যদের সম্পর্ক বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং সাধারণত than গ্রহণ করে না:
- My elder brother is a teacher.
- He is older than I am.
Farther সাধারণত physical distance এবং further অতিরিক্ত বা আরও তথ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়:
- Kolkata is farther from here.
- For further information, contact the office.
Important Comparison Structures
as…as / not so…as
- Rina is as intelligent as Mina.
- Mina is not so tall as Rina.
Comparative + than
- Gold is more valuable than silver.
একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর দুটি গুণ তুলনা করলে সাধারণত more + adjective + than ব্যবহার করা হয়:
- He is more wise than brave.
one of the + superlative + plural noun
- Kolkata is one of the largest cities in India.
Comparative + than any other
- Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world.
No other + positive + as…as
- No other mountain in the world is as high as Everest.
the + comparative, the + comparative
- The more you read, the more you learn.
- The sooner, the better.
Comparative repeated
ক্রমাগত পরিবর্তন বোঝায়:
- The weather is getting colder and colder.
- The problem became more and more difficult.
Much, Far, A Little এবং Even
Comparative-কে জোরালো বা সীমিত করতে ব্যবহার করা যায়:
- This book is much better.
- She is far more careful now.
- The second question is a little easier.
- This road is even narrower.
Comparative-এর আগে very ব্যবহার হয় না:
- Incorrect: very better
- Correct: much better
Few, A Few, The Few
- few = প্রায় নেই; negative sense
- a few = কিছু আছে; positive sense
- the few = যত অল্প আছে, সব
Examples:
- Few students understood the question.
- A few students answered correctly.
- The few books I had were useful.
Little, A Little, The Little
- little = প্রায় নেই
- a little = কিছুটা আছে
- the little = যত অল্প আছে, সব
- There is little hope of recovery.
- We still have a little time.
- He spent the little money he had.
Less এবং Fewer
- fewer countable plural noun-এর সঙ্গে
- less uncountable noun-এর সঙ্গে
- There are fewer students today.
- We have less time today.
Common Errors
- Incorrect: He is more taller than me.
Correct: He is taller than me.
- Incorrect: This is the most easiest question.
Correct: This is the easiest question.
- Incorrect: She is senior than me.
Correct: She is senior to me.
- Incorrect: This pen is preferable than that.
Correct: This pen is preferable to that.
- Incorrect: He is one of the best player.
Correct: He is one of the best players.
- Incorrect: Of the two girls, Rina is the tallest.
Correct: Of the two girls, Rina is the taller.
- Incorrect: The sceneries are beautiful.
Correct: The scenery is beautiful.
Adjectives such as senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, posterior, preferable normally take to, not than.
Context-based Identification
একই শব্দ প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী আলাদা Part of Speech হতে পারে:
- The poor need support. — Adjective used as a plural noun class
- He is a poor man. — Adjective
- We reached home late. — Adverb
- The late teacher was respected. — Adjective meaning deceased
- Please take the right road. — Adjective
- Turn right. — Adverb
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